GRUB (GRand Unified Boot loader) is Multiboot Boot Loader. Briefly, boot loader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to the operating system kernel software.
GRUB is the bootloader on my system where it has WinXP and Fedora 7.
First I installed WinXP and then Fedora 7(F7). As I chose default options in installing F7, the default boot option was set to F7. Now this post gives the way to change the boot options in GRUB, so that the default is to WinXP:
First boot to F7 and then open a terminal and login into root using su -, then
cd /boot/grub
cat menu.lst --This displays the GRUB.conf as menu.lst is the link directed to grub.conf
cat grub.conf -- If menu.lst is not there, then directly use grub.conf
which displays the following
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.
# root (hd0,6)
# kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda7
# initrd /boot/initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,6)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz ?
hiddenmenu
title Fedora Core (2.6.21-1.3194.fc7)
root (hd0,6)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.21-1.3194.fc7 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.21-1.3194.fc7.img
title Other
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
chainloader +1
title 0 is Fedora Core and title 1 is Other. Other corresponds to WinXP.
but the default = 0 specifies title 0 is selected, so to change the default OS to be booted, I need to change this default.
So to boot into WinXP by default, change to default = 1 (where title 1 corresponds to Other means WinXP)
Timeout specifies the time the system waits, in which if we didn't press any key, the default OS will be booted. In mean time if we press any key then we will get the Boot Menu to chose the OS to be loaded.Here Timeout = 5 so there will be 5 seconds time for me to get booted into default OS.
Saturday, October 20, 2007
Friday, October 19, 2007
Want YOUROWN Linux Distro -- A Good Learning Exercise
Sounding like conquering another world, an impossible thing....Absolutely wrong if you think so. For Novice Linux users like me probably it must be daunting task. But there is a solution for that too. Linux From Scratch(LFS). Of course its not at all a program/course which is meant to create the OS like the way OS developed from decades...Again Its not just putting the DVD of a magazine and just installing some XYZ default packages which u even dont know ...Then what exactly this LFS.
LFS gives u the feasibility of designing your own os. I mean the packages,programs, etc u need for ur environment. of course u can change and tweak the source to ur needs.
Simply LFS is to use the existing host Linux system's development tools to develop ur own distro using the source tar balls of different pacakges and programs that are downloaded or created by our own.
Also, for the novice users like me, it will give good understanding of how a Linux system works, how it ticks with the hardware..A good learning exercise.
After getting good idea of ur environment and then the applications u need just try to build ur own Linux distro using the existing Linux Host system's development tools. For getting help on this, just try to search LFS in Google, The Great. And also plz visit http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/.
LFS gives u the feasibility of designing your own os. I mean the packages,programs, etc u need for ur environment. of course u can change and tweak the source to ur needs.
Simply LFS is to use the existing host Linux system's development tools to develop ur own distro using the source tar balls of different pacakges and programs that are downloaded or created by our own.
Also, for the novice users like me, it will give good understanding of how a Linux system works, how it ticks with the hardware..A good learning exercise.
After getting good idea of ur environment and then the applications u need just try to build ur own Linux distro using the existing Linux Host system's development tools. For getting help on this, just try to search LFS in Google, The Great. And also plz visit http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/.
Friday, June 15, 2007
Design a SEPIC Converter
This article tells about what is a sepic converter, how to design it. A SEPIC (single ended primary inductor converter) is a non-isolated DC-DC converter which allows the output voltage to be greater than, less than, or equal to the input voltage,which seems to be similar like buck-Boost converter type, but SEPIC gives positive voltage at the output,whereas a buck boost converter gives negative voltage at the output.In buck-boost configaration output current is continuous, input current is discontinuous, whereas in SEPIC both output and input currents are continuous. Lets find out more in the following links.
for circuit operation:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPIC_converter
for designing sepic converter:
http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN-1484.pdf
for circuit operation:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPIC_converter
for designing sepic converter:
http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN-1484.pdf
Tuesday, June 5, 2007
World of LaTeX
"LaTeX?? What the heck?" This is what many people say when they hear the word "LaTeX". If you are one among them, then go on and read this post.
Before telling about LaTeX, let me ask you some simple questions.
1. Did you ever use editors like Word, OpenOffice etc for producing your project reports, paper presentations, or journal articles? If so, after typing a few hundred pages, what happened when you inserted an image file in between your paragraphs? My experience in such situations is worst. My friends and I faced this problem when we prepared our undergraduate project reports. All our previous page settings were disturbed when we tried to insert or resize a picture. Once again, we set out to format the entire document.
2. Did you insert some serious Mathematical equations or formulae in your documents? It is a pain in your ass if you do that in normal editors like Word, despite its Equation Editor.
3. How about the quality of your content? I concentrated more on document layout and its appearance. This affected the quality of my content.
Now Build the current file in TeXnicCenter to produce a nice looking pdf file as shown below.
Thats it. Forget the WYSIWYG editors and enter the world of LaTeX.
Links:
1. Getting to Grips with LaTeX
2. LaTeX isn't for everyone but it could be for you
3. The beauty of LaTeX
4. The not so short introduction to LaTeX
5. Getting started with LaTeX
Hey i ran out of space. Google "latex tutorials" for more links.
Before telling about LaTeX, let me ask you some simple questions.
1. Did you ever use editors like Word, OpenOffice etc for producing your project reports, paper presentations, or journal articles? If so, after typing a few hundred pages, what happened when you inserted an image file in between your paragraphs? My experience in such situations is worst. My friends and I faced this problem when we prepared our undergraduate project reports. All our previous page settings were disturbed when we tried to insert or resize a picture. Once again, we set out to format the entire document.
2. Did you insert some serious Mathematical equations or formulae in your documents? It is a pain in your ass if you do that in normal editors like Word, despite its Equation Editor.
3. How about the quality of your content? I concentrated more on document layout and its appearance. This affected the quality of my content.
One of the solutions to these problems is LaTeX. Simply put, LaTeX is an open source typesetting system. It is especially useful for developing professional and well-structured documents. The main advantage of using LaTeX is that, it allows you to concentrate on your content and forget about the layout; because LaTeX takes care of the actual typesetting (font styles, alignment etc), structuring of your content and page formatting. Though it is a little bit difficult to learn, LaTeX produces high-quality technical and scientific documents easily. Once you learn how to use LaTeX, it makes your life easy.
So much to say about LaTeX. Let us see this in action. Don't expect to learn LaTeX in one day. It needs a lot of patience to master the basics. Go through the links provided at the end of this post to learn more about LaTeX. By the way, don't panic by looking at the code. It is provided to show how easy it is to produce quality reports.
Installation: To install LaTeX under Windows, follow this procedure -- Download and install basic MikTeX. Install a LaTeX editor like TeXnicCenter. Copy and paste the code given below in an empty document inside TeXnicCenter. Save the file as "demo.tex", without quotes.
%--------------------------------------------
% Example of LaTeX
% File: demo.tex
% Author: Trisul Kanipakam
% Date: Tuesday, June 05, 2007.
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage{palatino,url}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\author{Trisul Kanipakam}
\title{\LaTeX\ example}
\date{\today}
\maketitle
\section*{Hello World!}
This is a sample \LaTeX\ document. We can generate an article like this with a default font size of 11pt, using \textit{Palatino} font. Note that, i don't have to format section headings, justification, numbering of sections and pages etc. We can easily generate tables and center them,\\
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hline
Sno & Data \\
\hline
1 & 1000 \\
2 & 2000 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
Listings can be generated as shown below:
\begin{itemize}
\item \emph{$e=m*c^2$},\quad $\sqrt{4}=2$, \quad $\int_0^2 \zeta^{2}(x) \, dx$, \quad $\frac{dy}{dx} \rightarrow 0$, \quad $\alpha \neq 0$, \quad $F(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots , x_{n}),$ \quad $(u, \infty)$, \quad $\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x)$.
\item Matrices and Limits
\[
\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x) - f(a)}{x - a}, \quad
\begin{pmatrix}
a & b & c & d\\
x & y & z & w
\end{pmatrix}
\]
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\textit{Have a nice time learning \LaTeX\ !}
\end{center}
\end{document}
% End of document.
%-----------------------------------
If everything goes well, you should see something like this.
So much to say about LaTeX. Let us see this in action. Don't expect to learn LaTeX in one day. It needs a lot of patience to master the basics. Go through the links provided at the end of this post to learn more about LaTeX. By the way, don't panic by looking at the code. It is provided to show how easy it is to produce quality reports.
Installation: To install LaTeX under Windows, follow this procedure -- Download and install basic MikTeX. Install a LaTeX editor like TeXnicCenter. Copy and paste the code given below in an empty document inside TeXnicCenter. Save the file as "demo.tex", without quotes.
%--------------------------------------------
% Example of LaTeX
% File: demo.tex
% Author: Trisul Kanipakam
% Date: Tuesday, June 05, 2007.
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage{palatino,url}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\author{Trisul Kanipakam}
\title{\LaTeX\ example}
\date{\today}
\maketitle
\section*{Hello World!}
This is a sample \LaTeX\ document. We can generate an article like this with a default font size of 11pt, using \textit{Palatino} font. Note that, i don't have to format section headings, justification, numbering of sections and pages etc. We can easily generate tables and center them,\\
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\hline
Sno & Data \\
\hline
1 & 1000 \\
2 & 2000 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
Listings can be generated as shown below:
\begin{itemize}
\item \emph{$e=m*c^2$},\quad $\sqrt{4}=2$, \quad $\int_0^2 \zeta^{2}(x) \, dx$, \quad $\frac{dy}{dx} \rightarrow 0$, \quad $\alpha \neq 0$, \quad $F(x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots , x_{n}),$ \quad $(u, \infty)$, \quad $\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x)$.
\item Matrices and Limits
\[
\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x) - f(a)}{x - a}, \quad
\begin{pmatrix}
a & b & c & d\\
x & y & z & w
\end{pmatrix}
\]
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\textit{Have a nice time learning \LaTeX\ !}
\end{center}
\end{document}
% End of document.
%-----------------------------------
If everything goes well, you should see something like this.
Now Build the current file in TeXnicCenter to produce a nice looking pdf file as shown below.
Thats it. Forget the WYSIWYG editors and enter the world of LaTeX.Links:
1. Getting to Grips with LaTeX
2. LaTeX isn't for everyone but it could be for you
3. The beauty of LaTeX
4. The not so short introduction to LaTeX
5. Getting started with LaTeX
Hey i ran out of space. Google "latex tutorials" for more links.
Friday, June 1, 2007
Buck-Converter Design Demystified
Hi,
This is one of the most simplest and useful articles, the author explains the buck converter
design in a simple way. After reading this article you will understand the buck converter design
and able to design the buck converter. He explains about the selection of the, inductor,mosfet,input and output capacitors,diode, with relevant equations.
This is one of the most simplest and useful articles, the author explains the buck converter
design in a simple way. After reading this article you will understand the buck converter design
and able to design the buck converter. He explains about the selection of the, inductor,mosfet,input and output capacitors,diode, with relevant equations.
Personally i feel that it is very useful for basic learners in the design field.
You can find the article in the following link
http://powerelectronics.com/mag/606PET25.pdf
What is RFID and how will it impact MY business
Hi,
This article is about RFID, it explains the basics of RFID i.e., what is RFID, it's working principle, basic RFID system, and its applications.
find the article in the following link
http://www.packworld.com/graphics/call/idtech.pdf
This article is about RFID, it explains the basics of RFID i.e., what is RFID, it's working principle, basic RFID system, and its applications.
find the article in the following link
http://www.packworld.com/graphics/call/idtech.pdf
Thursday, May 31, 2007
Difference between RMS power and AVERAGE power
Hi,
Generally we think "Irms*Vrms is the rms power", but IT IS NOT, "Irms*Vrms is the average power". RMS power doesnt have any signaficance in the electrical engineering.
find what is the average power and rms power and their difference in detail.
download the article from the following link:
http://www.eznec.com/Amateur/RMS_Power.pdf
Generally we think "Irms*Vrms is the rms power", but IT IS NOT, "Irms*Vrms is the average power". RMS power doesnt have any signaficance in the electrical engineering.
find what is the average power and rms power and their difference in detail.
download the article from the following link:
http://www.eznec.com/Amateur/RMS_Power.pdf
A Practical Guide to High-Speed Printed-Circuit-Board Layout
Hi,
This article is about high speed pcb layout in a practical perspective, which helps us to take precautions while drawing schematics. It will address what things we need to consider while drawing schematics and how to locate the components on the pcb. It will refresh your pcb layout basics.
you can find the article in the following link
http://www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/archives/39-09/layout.pdf
This article is about high speed pcb layout in a practical perspective, which helps us to take precautions while drawing schematics. It will address what things we need to consider while drawing schematics and how to locate the components on the pcb. It will refresh your pcb layout basics.
you can find the article in the following link
http://www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/archives/39-09/layout.pdf
Sunday, May 27, 2007
Forums & Links
Forums & Links
MBA
CATforum
E-Books & Misc
http://www.freizeit.co.in/
http://2020ok.com/
Magazines
http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/
Electronics
http://www.edaboard.com/
www.penzar.com/topspice.htm
http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/
Linux
http://linuxgazette.net/
Technology
LCD Manufacturing Process – by AUO
TFT LCD Details
MBA
CATforum
E-Books & Misc
http://www.freizeit.co.in/
http://2020ok.com/
Magazines
http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/
Electronics
http://www.edaboard.com/
www.penzar.com/topspice.htm
http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/
Linux
http://linuxgazette.net/
Technology
LCD Manufacturing Process – by AUO
TFT LCD Details
Saturday, May 26, 2007
Ripple and Noise Measurements
Ripple and Noise Measurements
with DC/DC Switch-Mode Power Supplies
hi friends,
this is one of the most useful article which i read in recent times, it is useful for electronic graduate students and freshers in hardware industry, this article tells about how to measure the ripple voltages in DC/DC converters and their methodologies ,advantages and disadvantages of proper measurement and improper measurment respectively.
click on the link for more.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)